Globalization Free Trade

Globalization Free Trade Global Deregulation: Risks and Opportunities in the Area of Free Trade INTRODUCTION Globalization has been one of the major driving forces for achieving the concept of a ‘borderless world and society. This period only shows that the world is innovating and becoming smaller not in terms of its size but in means of transportation, communication, and exchange of ideas. As this aspect of modernization happens, every country in the whole world is compelled to adapt to changes just like what Great Britain did during the Industrial revolution. Changes include trade liberalization, floating exchange rates, market driven economies, and improve financial sector that can cope up with the fast pace of transactions between different countries regardless of their locations with each other. The concept of deregulation has become known in the era of globalization. Deregulation, the opposite of regulation, aims to allow countries markets to move freely and make them very accessible from other states. This involves removing barriers or restrictions of trade which enables other countries with free access of goods and services of a certain state. Deregulation of trade can contribute either positively or negatively to developed countries and the developing states. This research paper discusses the different measures, policy reforms, and trade agreements the core countries and the peripheries have taken in response to the trends of globalization. This research paper also tries to identify the positive and negative impacts of the concept of deregulation on the era of globalization. To be more specific, the paper will focus on the notion of free trade system as well as other aspects that is affected by globalization like the banking industry. These aspects are needed for free trade security on both countries that are integrating with each other. GLOBAL DEREGULATION Heinemann (2006) reports that deregulation in the past two decades has materialized as international mobility of goods, services and factors also increase. The impact of these things hit the regulatory structures of markets and prompted them to undergo changes. He also mentions that deregulation enhances globalization trends. However, Heinemann asks the question of â€Å"how and to which extent increasing cross-border factor mobility will impact on regulatory equilibrium in the fields of labor, financial market, and trade or product regulation?† (Heinemann, 2006) Heinemann (2006) argues deregulation based from economic evidences is driven by trade openness and capital mobility in a limited fashion. Based from evidences gathered, he concludes that labor market regulation results in to trade openness. He adds that national divergence from deregulations as influenced by globalization is not related clearly to the economic integration on global capital, goods and services markets. (Heinemann, 2006) Banking Industry In the U.S. Banking Industry the regulatory structure of existing banks started to decline in the 1980s. This was due to improvements in technology, increased incidences of holding companies and competition from emerging firms that also provide banking services. To be able to cope up with these challenges, the US Banking Industry submitted itself to deregulation measures. (Becher, Campbell Ii, and Frye, 2003) Deregulation, together with changing technology and fast consolidation, flourished in the 1990s. To start with, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Act was enacted in 1991 which adopted a â€Å"least-cost resolution method and prompt resolution approach† for failing banks. (Becher et al., 2003) It also directed the creation of a â€Å"risk-based deposit insurance assessment scheme.† In the year 1994, another act was ratified as law in the name of Riege-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act. This law removed the restrictions on interstate banking and branching which was in effect for 70 years, and also took out the regulatory burden and paperwork requirements of banks. This was followed by the Economic Growth and Regulatory Paperwork Reduction Act of 1996 which edited the regulations concerning the flow of credit from lending institutions to various businesses and consumers. It also introduced the mortgage lending process. (Becher, Campbell Ii, and F rye, 2003) Free Trade For the European Union, deregulation of markets plays an important role for the growth of its large corporations. In order to achieve that, the Union initiates Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with other countries and regions of the world. In their FTA with Mexico, which was enforced in 2000, the Union got 95 percent deregulation for goods and services, together with North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) paritys inclusion of provisions in investment, procurement, trade facilities and competition rules. After their Global Agreement with Mexico, EU promoted free trade agreements the Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements (IPPA) with Latin American countries. Two years later, the Union had also made Chile to sign to another Global Agreement. (Reveles and Rocha, 2007) In 2006, the Union underwent major reforms in its trade policies. On October 2006, EU issued a strategy paper entitled: Global Europe: Competing in the World. This new trade policy reform encourages complete deregulation of markets. Reveles and Rocha (2007) mention other measures presented in the paper by the European Union: (1)† reducing non-tariff barriers for EU exports and investments, (2) increasing access to raw materials, (3) guaranteeing energy supplies by expanding trade in third countries energy sectors, (4) reinforcing the presence of EU corporations in emerging markets, (5) opening up public procurement markets, (6) improving implementation of anti-dumping mechanisms, and (7) implementing intellectual property rights.† (p. 6) The European Union has also started negotiating Free Trade Agreements with Andean Community of Nations and Central America in the Latin America, South Korea, India, and Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The World Bank (2002) reports that the average tariff rates of developing countries have been reduced in half from 30 percent in the early 1980s to 15 percent in the late 1990s. Martin (1997) notes that the reduction of tariff rates from developing countries is higher than the industrial countries and â€Å"decreases from a higher level are likely to have much greater welfare benefit than corresponding decreases from a lower base.† World Bank (see Figure 1) adds that the reductions have been great in South Asia, Latin America, and East Asia. While in areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, and North America, free trade was in a limited extent. Aside from the reduction in tariffs, quota coverage and foreign exchange restrictions declined which enables trade liberalization to develop widely. (World Bank, 2002) John Audley (2003) reports the initial challenges faced by the Latin American and Caribbean countries. These challenges include: (1) growing national economies, (2) creating good jobs, and (3) generating necessary revenues in order to afford basic public goods like human health and environmental protection. Their expected annual growth of workforce of 1.9 percent from 2001 2010 will be a burden since the last two decades; there were insufficient jobs to provide the growing population. The weak economic performance also resulted to 150 million people of Latin American and Caribbean according to the Inter-American Development Bank earning less than $2 per day. Mexico, the major trading partner of EU and United States, faced the challenges also encountered by the Latin American countries. Facing a major economic crisis in 1982, President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado of Mexico decided to make the country export oriented. To further enhance their international trade, Mexico joined the Gen eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The next president, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, continued the measures of his predecessor by â€Å"reducing the size of the public sector, promoting land ownership reform, and securing a commitment from the United States and Canada in 1991 to negotiate a free-trade agreement.† (Audley, 2003, p. 6) In order to provide measure to solve these problems in the Latin America and Caribbean, thirty-four (34) governments located at the Western Hemisphere met in 1994 to address the following: advancing prosperity, democratic values and institutions, and security. So they formed the Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA) because many government officials who attended the meeting believed that free trade will help the failing economies to recuperate. (Audley, 2003) The governments of Latin American countries have been involved in 17 free trade agreements with members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Last January 2003, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the United States announced the start of the comprehensive trade negotiations. (Audley, 2003) Razeen Sally (1999) describes how the â€Å"less-than-rich countries (developing countries) have been gaining positive breaks in the international trade and investment since the 1980s. She reports that the share of developing countries in the world manufactured exports doubled from 10 percent to 20 percent. This assessment is similar on the observations of the World Bank. One-third of the worlds foreign direct investment (FDI) is from them, which increased from 14 percent in the 1980s. The World Bank estimates that their shares in world trade and output could reach around 50 percent and 30 percent respectively in the year 2020. The developing countries also show their presence in the international scene through the World Trade Organization (WTO) wherein they account to over three-fourths of the total membership. (Sally, 1999) S.M. Shafaedin (2005) identifies two (3) main reasons of upgrading the export structure as well as production capacity: (1) for essential sustainability of exports, (2) for assistance in â€Å"technological development and spillover effects† to the economy by the export sectors, and (3) for reduction of economic vulnerability to â€Å"external factors, balance of payments crisis, fallacy of composition, and terms of losses. (Shafaedin, 2005, p. 11) Wacziarg and Welch (2003) report the increasing number of open countries from 1960 to 2000. As were countries having open trade policies. In the year 2000, the number rose to 73 percent (47% of world population) of the countries in the world are considering international trade. (Wacziarg and Welch, 2003) Sally (1999) also reports that in the last 15 years, trade policies concerning overseas have changed and they were followed by trade reforms. Over thirty-three (33) developing countries shifted from closed economies to open markets from 1985 to 1995. Also in the same period of time, the number of liberal countries in terms of â€Å"cross-border capital movements† increased dramatically from 9 to 30. (Sally, 1999, p. 2) Not only those, since the year 1990 almost 75 percent of the transition regimes have undergone liberalization in trade and payments which resulted into the â€Å"most dramatic episode of trade liberalization the world has ever seen.† (Sally, 1999, p. 2) However, Sally (1999) addresses the depth of adjustment and reforms the different countries did in trade policy. The author sees the liberalization of trade policy as â€Å"very patchy and uneven†. (Sally, 1999, p. 2) She mentions the East Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe have liberalized expansively. Their deregulation of trade is accompanied by â€Å"macroeconomic stabilization, internal price liberalization, privatization, and industrial reforms.† (Sally, 1999, p. 2) While Africa, Middle East, South Asia, Southeastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have done liberalization measures in a limited manner. Wacziarg and Welch (2003) provide reason to the differences in the depth of adjustment in trade policies. In their study of 13 developing countries, Wacziarg and Welch (2003) find out countries that experienced positive outcomes in economic growth pursued and deepened trade policies. On the other hand, countries that experience negative impacts or neutral effects on economic growth encoutered â€Å"political instability, [contracting] macroeconomic policies in the aftermath of reforms or to actively counteract trade reform by shielding domestic sectors from necessary adjustments.† (Wacziarg and Welch, 2003, p. 29) Dennis Arnold (2004) reports on the efforts of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to liberalize and deregulate in trade. The economic policymakers of these countries are finding possibilities in expanding the bilateral, regional and multilateral trade relations and investment. It includes: (1) ASEAN-US dialogue in the Enterprise for ASEAN Initiative (EAI), (2) ASEAN-Japan and ASEAN-China free trade initiatives, (3) ASEAN Plus Three (APT) plan which will include China, Japan, and Korea, (4) ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA) free trade agreement, and the Trans-Regional EU-ASEAN Trade Initiative (TREATI) in 2003. (Arnold, 2004) After the post war years, Urata (2002) reports that globalization was on a fast pace during those years because of â€Å"multilateral trade negotiations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), trade liberalization and investment, deregulation and privatization of national industries; and increasingly cheaper cost of foreign trade from technological developments in telecommunications and transportation.† (Urata, 2002, p. 20) Urata also highlights the trend of regionalism that was developed along with globalization. The European Economic Community (EEC) which was formed in 1958 is the earliest region bloc brought by the development of regionalism in Western Europe. The trend continued in the 1990s when Free Trade Agreements (FTA) emerged as the driving force towards regional integration. By September 2001, there were 239 regional trade agreements (RTAs) wherein 162 of them remained in force. (Urata, 2002) Urata (2002) believes that deregulation can help in revitalizing the economy. However for other countries like Japan, domestic politics has been an obstruction for future regulation reforms. So the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has become the driving force in pressuring these governments to institute regulation reforms. The†gaiatsu† or external pressure was first done by the United States in bringing domestic regulation in Japan. (Urata, 2002) IMPACTS OF DEREGULATION Opportunities for Free Trade Trade deregulation among the developing countries contributed to huge increases in exports and imports. This is manifested by the increase in the export of manufactured goods from 40 percent in 1980 to 80 percent in 1998. This effect led to the increase in shares of the developing countries in the world economy as well as liberalization of country trade for the developing states. (World Bank, 2002) Sally (1999) reports countries that have undergone extensive trade deregulations resulted to higher economic growths while countries that have partially liberalized ended in lower growths or even negative economic growths. Urata (2002) reports that since the 1970 deregulation accompanied by the removal of domestic regulations made easy for developing countries in East Asia like China and Taiwan, and industrialized countries like United States and United Kingdom to have high economic growth. The reason for the economic growth is the strong competition which drives incompetent and inefficient firms out of the market and gives opportunities for competitive companies to flourish in the world market. (Urata, 2002) Perry and Olarreaga (2006) concluded that trade reforms in Latin America contributed positively in the fight against poverty. Trade reforms reduce poverty by measures of reducing the consumption bundle of the poor people. The reforms also helped in limiting the cases of unemployment. The authors see trade reforms as significant because â€Å"as the income of the poor increases with trade reform, poverty traps become easier to avoid and the poor may be more able to undertake the necessary investments to adjust in the presence of market failures† like the absence of credit or insurance. (Perry and Olarreaga, 2006, p. 37) Ganesh Seshan (2005) studies that the impact of the distribution of trade policies on households in low-income, agricultural countries, where imperfect labor markets exist. In the authors study on Vietnam, results show that trade liberalization did not worsen the income inequality but did improve the incomes of the rural households, at the expense of the urban households. Rural households experience more growth in their income distributions compared to the better-off rural households and urban households. (Seshan, 2005) The North American Free Trade Agreement has produced positive impacts on Mexico in terms of exports and imports, and the foreign direct investments (FDI). The exports of Mexico increased three times from $67.5 billion to $187.4 billion from 1993 2002. Mexicos FDI in the same period totaled more than $124 billion, with the investments from the US leaping by 204 percent. Its labor productivity has also risen by 45 percent since 1995. For the imports and exports, the United States has been Mexicos major trading partner with 65 percent of imports from the US and 89 percent of its exports going to US. (Arnold, 2004) US legislations concerning the deregulatory measures of the banking industry gained improvements in monetary value. Brook, Hendershott, and Lee (1998) report the passage of the Riege-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 increased the value of the banking industry by $85 million. Not only that, deregulatory measures together with technological advancements removed the regulatory barriers and increased the investment opportunities of banks. Becher, Campbell Ii, and Frye (2003) also argue that deregulation in the banking industry has also led to increase in the use of â€Å"executive incentive-based compensation† however; there was no existing study that will describe deregulations effects on director compensation. (Becher, Campbell Ii, and Frye, 2003) Risks for Free Trade Weller and Hersh (2002) perceive deregulation as a negative force for trade markets as well as for capital markets. They argue that deregulated trade flows would result to into having more inequality in terms of income distribution, and more unregulated capital flows. Macro economically, these incidents would lead into economic stabilities and will affect the poor negatively. Based from their data gathered from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United Nations, they find out that the â€Å"income share of the poor is generally lower in deregulated and macro economically less stable environments trade flows in more regulated environments may be good for growth and, by extension, for the poor in the long run†. (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p. 1) The reason for the unequal income share for the poor is the capital flows faster mobility in deregulated environments. â€Å"Faster capital mobility in a more deregulated environment can lead to rising inequality in the short and medium term, both within countries and between countries, and to less poverty reduction or even increasing poverty.† (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p. 4) They conclude based from the results of their study that trade, as well as capital flows, can be significant for economic growth and have no negative effects on the income shares of the poor in the long-run as long as the environment is regulated. (Weller and Hersh, 2002) Trade liberalization or what Weller and Hersh describe as the â€Å"complement to deregulated capital markets† has been criticized by a number of authors (Bannister and Thugge 2001; Mishel, et. al. 2001; Ocampo and Taylor 1998; Taylor 1996) in relation to the rising inequality. They argue that: â€Å"by inducing rapid structural change and shifting employment within industrializing countries that liberalize, trade leads to falling real wages and declining working conditions and living standards.† On the other hand some authors blame the ‘skill-biased technological change† as the main cause of inequality. (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p.5) Feenstra and Hanson (2001) support the argument by saying that skill-biased change is a possible effect of trade liberalization. Another issue that Weller and Hersh see on the removal of the barriers of trade is that it contributes to lower tariff revenues for developing countries. They used India as an example where in 40 percent of its tax revenues come from tariffs in the 1980s. Removing the barriers for trade will lower or remove the tariffs and thus, there would be changes in the structure of tax in order to fill up the shoes left by the tariff fees. â€Å"Restructuring tax regimes to offset lost tariff revenues takes time and introduces administrative costs. Even if trade liberalization were growth enhancing in the long-run, in the short-run revenue shortfalls may seriously constrain a governments ability to maintain spending on social services that benefit low-income households.† (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p. 5) Bronfenbrenner (1997, 2000) sees free trade as advantageous for employers in response for the workers pleads for their rights like higher wages and improved working conditions. The author argues that companies and factories are encouraged to either shut down their own workplaces and/or locate to other states wherein they will benefit the most. These benefits may be in the form of less strict labor regulations or lower taxes and wages. The negative implications will be felt by the workers because they cannot pressure strongly these companies for an increase in wages. As Weller and Hersh concludes in their article: â€Å"this trend fuels a race to the bottom in which national governments vie for needed investment by bidding down the cost to employers (and livings standards) of working people.† (Weller and Hersh, 2002, p. 5) Examples of these companies are the multinational companies which have Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Industries that are located in many developing coun tries. The United Nations Conference on Trade Development (UNCTAD) (1997) reports that the liberalization of trade in many parts of Latin America has resulted to widening wage gap, falling real wages for unskilled workers and rising unemployment. Perry and Olarreaga (2006) identify four (4) main reasons why in Latin America and in several countries, trade liberalization resulted to increases in skill premiums and wage inequality: (1)† Relative factor endowments, as most Latin American countries are rich in natural resources (which, are in general complementary with capital and skills) and were more capital abundant than other developing countries with large pools of unskilled labor, such as China and India, that were already integrating into the world economy by the time of Latin American trade liberalization. (2) Dynamic effects of trade that led to an acceleration of skill-biased technical change and Schumpeterian creative destruction, which led to an increase in demand for skills in most industries. (3) Initial conditions and contemporary events that make predictions based on a simple factor abundance model difficult to generalize; for example the pre-reform structure of protection was biased towards unskilled intensive sectors in most LAC countries and tariff reductions naturally led to a relative increase in demand for skills, but differences in consumption bundles across income groups and exchange rate policies also complicate predictions. (4) The impact that trade reform had on imperfectly functioning labor markets, such as potential transitions in and out of unemployment, informality, as well as income volatility are likely to affect and sometimes change the direction of the impact of trade reforms on income inequality and poverty.† (Perry and Olarreaga, 2006, p. 1) Reveles and Rocha (2007) see the other dimension of the EU-Mexico Free Trade Agreement and the IPPA which made negative impacts on Mexico. The agreements not only brought severe effect on the social and economic conditions of Mexico but also left the Mexican state incapable of encouraging local and small businesses and enterprises. These medium to scale businesses were the ones hit hard by the agreements because the large companies of the European Union has dominated them. Mexicos industry which is the essential part for economic development has been increasingly controlled by the European Union. The financial sector of Mexico was also affected that it cannot provide credit for production and seeks assistance from the United States and EU. (Reveles and Rocha, 2007) Shafaedin (2005) mentions other setbacks of Mexico after the free trade agreements in relation to base industry: â€Å"In the important case of Mexico where exports grew extremely fast, acceleration of manufactured exports was not accompanied by an acceleration of MVA. Much upgrading of the industrial base did not take place and the non-maquila [factory] industries which performed better than others were those which had enjoyed high investment during import substitution era. (Shafaedin, 2005, p. 20) Dennis Arnold (2004) identifies the drawbacks of Mexico during the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which badly affects its workers particularly the rural poor. The NAFTA has removed several agricultural sectors and pushed the wages and working conditions at the bottom on factories and non-factories. Audley (2003) notes five (5) points that will conclude the impacts of NAFTA to the Mexican economy as a whole: â€Å"NAFTA has not helped the Mexican economy keep pace with the growing demand for jobs. Unprecedented growths in trade, increasing productivity, and a surge in both portfolio and foreign direct investment have led to an increase of 500,000 jobs in manufacturing from 1994 to 2002. [However, employment reduced in the manufacturing sector because of import competition and substitution of foreign input in assembly operations. (Arnold, 2004)] The agricultural sector, where almost a fifth of Mexicans still work, has lost 1.3 million jobs since 1994. Real wages for most Mexicans today are lower than they were when NAFTA took effect. However, this setback in wages was caused by the peso crisis of 1994-1995—not by NAFTA. That said, the productivity growth that has occurred over the last decade has not translated into growth in wages. Despite predictions to the contrary, Mexican wages have not converged with U.S. wages. NAFTA has not stemmed the flow of poor Mexicans into the United States in search of jobs; in fact, there has been a dramatic rise in the number of migrants to the United States, despite an unprecedented increase in border control measures. Historical migration patterns, the peso crisis, and the pull of employment opportunities in the United States provide better explanations for the increase in migration than NAFTA itself. The fear of a â€Å"race to the bottom† in environmental regulation has proved unfounded. At this point some elements of Mexicos economy are dirtier and some are cleaner. The Mexican government estimates that annual pollution damages over the past decade exceeded US $36 billion per year. This damage to the environment is greater than the economic gains from the growth of trade and of the economy as a whole. More specifically, enactment of NAFTA accelerated changes in commercial farming practices that have put Mexicos diverse ecosystem at great risk of contamination from concentrations of nitrogen and other chemicals commonly used in modern farming. Mexicos evolution toward a modern, export oriented agricultural sector has also failed to deliver the anticipated environmental benefits of reduced deforestation and tillage. Rural farmers have replaced lost income caused by the collapse in commodity prices by farming more marginal land, a practice that has resulted in an average deforestation rate of more than 630,000 hectares per year since 1993 in the biologically rich regions of southern Mexico.† (Audley, 2003, p. 6-7) ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF DEREGULATION IN TRADE The period of globalization has brought the emergence of free trade agreements between countries, trading blocs and world organizations. Deregulation of trade by countries open up their markets for free access from other countries. As the risks and opportunities of global deregulation of trade are mentioned, several issues, problems, concerns are raised to address and assess the effects of deregulation in the overall conditions of the economies. Regionalism. The issue of regionalism has emerged in the era of globalization. With the creation of the European Union, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other regional blocs, free trade began to materialize starting from within these regional blocs. Sooner these regional organizations started multilateralism in terms of international trade with other regional blocs or with other nations. Regionalism did not only open the markets of most countries but also enhanced regional integration between the member states. This regional integration also assisted developing countries to increase their potentials and develop. The deregulation of trade was imminent and become a factor for the current success of regionalism. Multinational Corporations. The emergence of multinational corporations created positive and negative effects on the deregulation of trade and investment in the world. The deregulation of developing countries enabled these large companies to establish business outsourcing companies in their territories which gave additional employment, and boosted the economies of the peripheral states. However, their dominance in the industry discouraged medium to small businesses and enterprises to invest and pursue in their own native lands. This was seen in the case of Mexico after the NAFTA and the EU-Mexico Free Trade Agreement. Rising Inequalities. This is an emerging concern based from the studies of Weller and Hersh (2002). Free trade can contribute to higher incomes and higher economic growth but the problem is on how these incomes are being distributed from the top, down to the bottom. The expansion of large corporations from abroad also contributed to the rising inequality between the poor and the rich since the growth most of the growth in income came from these big companies. Government subsidies for the poor could prevent the situation to worsen but long-term measures must be applied. However, Seshan (2005) showed that not all developing countries experience inequalities. In her study of Vietnam, liberalization raised the income distribution of the poor relative to the rich. To further address the differences, more focus in this area is significant for future studies. Poverty. Studies in trade deregulation of different countries especially in the Latin American countries showed that even though deregulation increases inequalities, the incidence of poverty is reduced. It is because the income of the poor has also increased and unemployment was lessened. Opportunities for income generation not only inside but also overseas were widened because of regional integration. Nationalism. This concept tells about the identity of every nation in the world. Nationalism is what keeps every nation unique and united. The trends of globalization brought by deregulation and free trade serve as challenges for keeping the sense of nationality in every citiz

Aesthetics And Beauty In Society Essay

Introduction Contemporary society has one of its implicit norms concepts on aesthetics and beauty. When beauty is spoken of, some of us have the immediate conceptions of physical fitness, dieting, and satisfaction with our appearances. Media has been successful at ingraining the ideals in each one of these criteria. We are thus acculturated to thinking that beautiful is tall, thin, and is a health buff in terms of diet. Are perceptions or evaluations of each of these variables gendered? To find out the answer to this question, an empirical study was conducted among Philadelphia residents to determine if they had significant differences in their evaluations of the following variables: 1) satisfaction with their present weight; 2) perceptions on their consumption of a healthy diet; and 3) perceptions of their level of physical fitness. The selection of respondents has been done through convenience sampling, where the questionnaires were deployed to immediate family, acquaintances, and colleagues at work. The portion of the questionnaire which shall be discussed in the current paper is the one which focused on the three variables outlined above. Thus, the independent variable is gender while the dependent variables are 1) satisfaction with their present weight; 2) perceptions on their consumption of a healthy diet; and 3) perceptions of their level of physical fitness. Hypotheses The following are the null and alternative hypotheses for testing significant differences between males and females for each of these variables: Satisfaction with Present Weight Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of satisfaction with their present weight. H0:mmales’ physical fitness = mfemales’ physical fitness Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of satisfaction with their present weight. Ha: mmales’ physical fitness  ¹ mfemales’ physical fitness Consumption of a Healthy Diet Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of their consumption of a healthy diet. Ho: mmales’ sat with weight = mfemales’ sat with weight Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of their consumption of a healthy diet. Ho: mmales’ sat with weight  ¹ mfemales’ sat with weight Level of Physical Fitness Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of their level of physical fitness. H0:mmales’ cons of healthy diet   = mfemales’ cons of healthy diet Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between males and females on their evaluations of their level of physical fitness. H0:mmales’ cons of healthy diet   Ã‚ ¹ mfemales’ cons of healthy diet Table 1 below is a synthesis of these hypotheses: Table 1. Summary of alternative and null hypotheses. Dependent Variable Independent Variable Null Hypothesis(H0)    Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)    Level of Physical Fitness Gender H0:mmales’ physical fitness = mfemales’ physical fitness Ha: mmales’ physical fitness  ¹ mfemales’ physical fitness Satisfaction with Present Weight Gender Ho: mmales’ sat with weight = mfemales’ sat with weight Ho: mmales’ sat with weight  ¹ mfemales’ sat with weight Level of Consumption of a Healthy Diet Gender H0:mmales’ cons of healthy diet   = mfemales’ cons of healthy diet    H0:mmales’ cons of healthy diet   Ã‚ ¹ mfemales’ cons of healthy diet    Methodology Convenience sampling has been used in the selection of the respondents for the survey. The lone criterion that has been utilized in their inclusion is the fact that they are Philadelphia residents. The respondents consisted of our immediate families, friends, colleagues and other acquaintances. The total number of respondents who participated in the study was 341. Of this number, 36% are males, while the remainder is females. The gender breakdown of the sample is depicted in Figure 1 below: Figure 1. Gender breakdown of respondents. Because non-probability sampling was used in the selection of respondents, this may have introduced sources of error into the outcomes of the study. First, the sample may not be representative of males and females in Philadelphia overall. The results may only be generalized and valid for the profile of the respondents who participated in the study. To determine the independent variable, there was a question that asked for the respondent’s gender. On the other hand, the three dependent variables have been measured through a 10-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating strong disagreement, to 10 suggesting strong agreement. Method of Data Analysis To yield the statistical computations and analysis, Microsoft Excel has been used. The statistical tool that was appropriate for the current study is the t-test for two independent samples. When using the tool itself, it appears as â€Å"t-test assuming equal variances† in the data analysis feature of MS Excel. The software automatically provides the t-computed and the t-critical from which one may determine if the outcomes are significant or not. All tests have been conducted using the .05 level of significance or the alpha level. This represents the probability of saying that the null hypothesis is true even upon rejection, or simply the likelihood of making a wrong conclusion. In cases where the probability value computed is less than the significance level, the results of the comparison are said to be significant and the null hypothesis is rejected. Another way of determining significance is to examine the t-computed and the t-critical, when the latter is less than the t-computed, then the outcomes of the comparison are also interpreted as significance. In effect, the null hypothesis is rejected. Results Level of Satisfaction with Present Weight Because of various factors including the media and culture itself, there seems to be more pressure among females to maintain only a certain body weight, which is deemed ‘socially acceptable’. If they do not, they seem to run the risk of being discriminated or to be undesirable in the eyes of males. It is thus expected that females will have a significantly lower mean compared to their male counterparts. Table 2 below shows the descriptive statistics of males with regards to their satisfaction of their present body weight. Table 2. Descriptive Statistics for Males’ Satisfaction with Present Weight.       Mean 6.72 Standard Error 0.26 Median 7.50 Mode 10.00 Standard Deviation 2.92 Sample Variance 8.55 Kurtosis -0.85 Skewness -0.59 Range 9.00 Minimum 1.00 Maximum 10.00 Sum 833.00 Count 124.00 Confidence Level(95.0%) 0.52 Figure 2. The figures above suggest that males have a mean of 6.72, measuring their average satisfaction on their present weight. The median is higher at 7.50. The most frequently occurring score is 10. There are 124 male respondents who garnered valid responses for this item. Table 3. Descriptive Statistics for Females’ Satisfaction with Present Height.       Mean 5.23 Standard Error 0.21 Median 5.00 Mode 1.00 Standard Deviation 3.06 Sample Variance 9.36 Kurtosis -1.31 Skewness 0.09 Range 9.00 Minimum 1.00 Maximum 10.00 Sum 1134.00 Count 217.00 Confidence Level(95.0%) 0.41 Figure 3. Table 3 above depicts the descriptive statistics for female respondents on the same item of satisfaction with their current weight. The mean is 5.23 which is lower than those of males. The median is lower than the mean at 5.00. Finally, the most frequently occurring score is 1.00. There are a total of 217 females who responded to the item. Table 3. T-test for satisfaction with present weight.    Male Female Mean 6.7177419 5.225806 Variance 8.5456989 9.360812 Observations 124 217 Pooled Variance 9.0650633    Hypothesized Mean Difference 0    df 339    t Stat 4.4017781    P(T

The Basics of Environmental Problem Solution Essay Topics

The Basics of Environmental Problem Solution Essay Topics Gossip, Lies and Environmental Problem Solution Essay Topics Select an intriguing essay topic, and you're going to start enjoying it. Your essay is practically ready! Since you may see, the problem-solution essay is really simple as soon as you know its basic elements. Writing an excellent problem-solution essay is an essential skill, not just for your career but for your civic-life also. When writing an essay, you will need to understand that however much you know about the subject, there's always more to learn. The hardest task is to discover a great topic for your essay. At any time you catch yourself feeling captivated by an individu essay or article, take a close look at it. The very first step to writing a problem-solution essay is to recognize the problem which will be discussed. Firstly, the author should examine numerous possible problem solution essay topics and pick a suitable one. Environment essay must be customized in line with the style and format required. The ideal problem-solution essays will make a feeling of urgency and lead the reader to become interested in solving the issue. 1967 essay online, their very own environmental crises appear to guard our. You cooperate with seasoned pollution essay professionals that are eager to assist you in your studies! Identifying an issue and proposing one or more solutions ought to be an important element in your essay. There are as many alternatives for expository environment essays because there are environmental problems. The War Against Environmental Problem Solution Essay Topics The very best problem-solution topics are interesting and can be seen from several perspectives, but are additionally not so broad that a remedy to the issue is not possible to imagine. After the issue is stated, you will need to supply solutions. Whenever you're ready with the problem on your hands, you must think over the very best solution. Another significant problem is the development of internet fraud and hacking. A great deal of garbage is thrown right into the water. You must specify the sort of your custom made essay on p ollution, page count, formatting and style requirements, together with deadline. It is recommended to look for the one which has a fantastic reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive rates. On the flip side, you could always be confident that there'll undoubtedly be a particular topic covering your own field of interest. As with other essays, we often discover that it's really hard to choose a topic particularly when the instructor asks students to produce their own topics. Anyway, it's a remarkable way for a student to get some fun when completing the assignment for school or college. Following that, you'll need to tell a little bit about the topic which you have picked. When you have chosen the subject, start researching on it. Your topic also needs to be relevant with respect to time and place, therefore it is much better to decide on a modern issue that steers minds and discussions right now. Furthermore, you need to find a subject, which is extremely controversial. Without a doubt, the economy finds many advantages in technological improvement. A worldwide one-child policy will help solve the issue of overpopulation. When you look around, you are going to observe social troubles that affect society each and every day. So, it's imperative for all of us to understand environmental problems, factors causing them and finding ways to enhance our environment. It is possible to always select another topic linked to environmental difficulties and their effect on the planet. Environmental problems ought to be handled by the united efforts of the worldwide community. They cause concern all over the world. The Appeal of Environmental Problem Solution Essay Topics Schools and institutes throughout the world are attempting to make students aware of the several environmental difficulties and approaches to resolve them. A problem solution essay seems to be something which not only college students may get assigned. Needless to say, every student can pick from a broad scope of topics.

The Developmental Progress Of Children And Forever...

Jean Piaget is most known for studying the developmental progress of children and forever changing the education and psychology world. Piaget developed an interest in the intellectual development of children (Internet). Through studies Piaget was able to conclude that children possessed with a limited way of thinking that wasn’t necessarily wrong but instead different than grown adults (2013). Piaget created a four stage theory which provides insight to the mental development of children. This theory outlines the natural inclination children take towards mental development. Through a creation of studies Piaget was able to prove these stages and ever since many have done studies on this theory (Internet). Piaget had incorporated three parts into his theory: schema, the four processes that enable the transition from one stage to another, the four stages of cognitive development. In the process of Schema, Piaget believed there was two parts of this: assimilation and accommodation . A child may adapt by either interpreting an experience so that it fits an existing scheme, assimilation, or changing an existing scheme to incorporate the experience, accommodation (2013). Through my own personal studies, I was able to witness these theories at work. Throughout this paper I will describe myself as the experimenter and then the kids I did the study on, Jack and Lexie, I will call Subject 1 and 2 from now on. Subject 1, Jack, is age 7 and in second grade. He also completed threeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Advertising on Children33281 Words   |  134 PagesTelevision Advertising to Children A review of contemporary research on the influence of television advertising directed to children Prepared for ACMA by Dr Jeffrey E. Brand May 2007  © Commonwealth of Australia 2007 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. 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The Perspective On Abortion From A Utilitarian View

Analyzing the perspective on abortion from a utilitarian view is quite hot and cold. In this we weigh the pros and cons of each situation at hand. â€Å"When there are multiple choices with different utilities, or wen utilities conflict, we should always pick the greatest one.† (Weston p.151) If a person is to decide if a person be executed they must decide, which outcome is the superior one. Killing a man who is possibly innocent or keep them alive but they may not be innocent. In this situation not killing at all outweighs the other options. Think of it this way, it is decided that a person will not be executed and instead spend life in prison. This wouldn’t effect anyone for the fact that they will still be safe from harm from this person. Then if they have the possibility of being innocent everyone can have a clear conscience. If a woman is deciding whether to have an abortion there must be some situations to think about. If a woman is raped she should be allowed to make that decision. Weighing the pros and cons on this life is tricky. A woman could get an abortion and not realize she has aborted an innocent life. This is just the same as executing someone who may be innocent. Innocence becomes a key word. For abortions people claim that it is not life yet and there is no conscious thought. A fetus would be considered an innocent life. A fetus has not yet committed a crime. A fetus has the potential to grow up to be a criminal but it is unknown. 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What route should I take that will avoid traffic and help me get to work on time?† From the minute we wake up, we a re constantly making decisions on the next step we should take to ensure our wellbeing. Apart from the simplicity of daily activities, many of us have been faced with larger decisions such as what college to attend, what career we want to purse and where we should work after completing

Charlemagne Known as Charles The Great Free Essays

Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, became the undisputed ruler of Western Europe, â€Å"By the sword and the cross.† As Western Europe was deteriorating Charlemagne was crowned the privilege of being joint king of the Franks in 768 AD. People of Western Europe, excluding the church followers, had all but forgotten the great gifts of education and arts that they had possessed at one time. We will write a custom essay sample on Charlemagne: Known as Charles The Great or any similar topic only for you Order Now Charlemagne solidly defeated barbarians and kings in identical fashion during his reign. Using the re-establishment of education and order, Charlemagne was able to save many political rights and restore culture in Western Europe. Charlemagne was born in 742 AD, to a very famous and well-known family. Charlemagne†s grandfather was Charles Martel, the man who was responsible for the defeat of the Saracens. Charlemagne was also the eldest son of Betrade and Pepin the Short, the first to become king of the Franks. With the almost full extinction of schools in the 8th century, many historians say that Charlemagne received very little education, but did learn the art of reading from Bertrade. In 768 AD, Charlemagne at the age of 26, along with his brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of Franks. However, in 771 AD Carloman died, making Charlemagne the sole ruler of the kingdom. At this time the northern part of Europe was out of order and unruly. In the south, the Roman Catholic Church was asserting itself alongside the Lombard kingdom in Italy. While in Charlemagne†s own kingdom, the people were becoming and acting as barbarians and neglecting education and faith. But Charlemagne was determined to make his kingdom as strong as possible. In 772 AD, Charlemagne put forth a 30-year campaign to conquer and Christianize the Saxons in the north. He charged over the Avars, a large tribe on the Danube. He forced the Bavarians to surrender to him. When possible Charlemagne attempted to settle his conflicts peacefully. However, he was forced to use brute in some situations. For instance, Charlemagne offered to pay Desiderius for the return of lands to the pope, but after Desiderius refused, Charlemagne seized the kingdom of Desiderius and restored the Papal States. By 800 AD Charlemagne was the sole ruler of Western Europe. His immense kingdom included what are now France, Switzerland, Belgium, and the Netherlands. It also covered half of present-day Italy and Germany, part of Austria, and the Spanish March. This Spanish March stretched to the Ebro River. Through his establishment of a single government over the entire Western Europe, Charlemagne re-established much of the old Roman Empire, which paved the way for the progress of present-day Europe. On Christmas Day in 800 while praying in St. Peter†s Cathedral in Rome, Pope Leo III approached Charlemagne with a golden crown and placed it on the head of the king. The crowd in the church shouted concurrently, â€Å"To Charles the Augustus, crowned by God to be the great and peace-giving emperor of the Romans, life and victory!† Doing this angered the Byzantines because Charlemagne†s prestige and power was equal to the Byzantine emperor. Another problem that arose was that the pope thereafter chose the Roman emperor among the European kings. At the time of Charlemagne†s death in 814 AD only one of his three sons, Louis the Pious was alive. Louis had a weak ruling after his father, which brought on many civil wars and rebellions. As king and emperor, he was very religious and it is said that the role of a monk better suited him than that of the Roman emperor. When Louis the Pious passed away, his three sons broke out in civil war for their father†s empire. In 843, the war ended when Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German signed the Treaty of Verdun. This pact separated the empire into three separate parts for each of Louis the Pious† sons. After the treaty was signed, the kings† power deteriorated and the government became weak. All of Europe was invaded and pirates and barbarians threatened the land. Charlemagne†s empire began to weaken. How to cite Charlemagne: Known as Charles The Great, Papers

Human Resource Management Alex

Question: Identify and evaluate HRM best practice strategies for managing alcohol and stress in the school. You should make reference to both formal and informal ways that employers might use to deal with this issue? Answer: Introduction In this assignment the case study which is been discussed is regarding a cook named Alex, who is one of the best team member and she follows all the rules of the organization. But for some reason she is not punctual in her organization and along with that she was smelling alcohol, which is totally against the rules of the organization and this will affect the atmosphere of the organization and as the organization is a primary school so it will make a bad impact on the organization as the parents of the students will be having a bad impression on the school which will not be accepted by the organization. The organization has to certain steps which will avoid these types of circumstances taking place in the organization which will affect the environment of the organization. So, in this assignment the legal aspects of an organization will be discussed along with their benefits and preventive measures. Legal Aspects of Health, Safety and Environmental Management System In the case study the chosen character is Alexanda Johnson, cook of a primary school and one of the best employees of the organization. But due to some reasons she was not following the rules of the organization and was behaving in a totally different way which was not at all acceptable by the higher authorities of that school. Alex used to drink alcohol and then she used to come to her workplace. But they were also unable to blame her as they have no proof that she was drinking alcohol and the company also does not have any clear policy about drinking alcohol and then coming to work. The higher authorities were very much impressed with the work of Alex so they do not want to take any action against her. But they want to help her so that she can come out of the addiction and do not drink and come to her work place. The administration and the higher authorities need to implement such rules in their organizations so that other staffs do not get influence from Alex and they also starts following her. So, the organizations have to change or modify some of their rules and policies which the staffs of the organizations need to follow without any fail or else the organization will penalized that staff for breaking the policies of their organization (Parker, and Parker, 2014). The health, safety and the environment are one of the main concerns that the higher authorities need to be concern of so that neither the employees get hurt along with that the environment of the organization also does not gets affected due to any employees. The organization had to modify their rules from time to time along with the new rules that the government of the country will be implementing in their country for the organizations (Kuznetsov, 2011). The health and safety of the employees are the main concern of the organization as if the employees are not healthy and safe then they wont be able to give their 100 % of their work to the organization and this will affect the work of the organiz ation also. Every organization has some special rules are also there so that they can give extra care to their employees about their health and safety. In every organization before sending the employees in any danger prone area the organizations have to make sure about the safety of their employees and there should be no slight chances of getting hurt by any means. The organization makes documents and contracts that if the employee gets hurt while working then the organization will be bearing all the cost of that employee (Yang, and Luo, 2014). The organizations have to maintain all the legal factors also so that no new employee gets ragged by the old employees and they feel unsafe in that organization (Dimond, 2012). In this case study Alex is one of the potential employees of the organization but since few days she was acting totally different and the behavior was not acceptable by their employees for any organization but as Alex is one of the best employees among the staffs worki ng in that primary school and Alex was also one of the hard working employees so the higher authorities was thinking of making her understand all the consequences which may take place before taking any action (Dimond, 2013). Along with all this there is extra pressure on Alex as she had to do double the work because two kitchen staffs are on sick leave and as Alex is one of the potential staff so all the work pressure is also on her and as she is taking all the responsibilities she is getting tired both mentally and physically and for that reason she is getting addicted to alcohol. But getting addicted to alcohol and then coming drunk to her workplace is not at all acceptable by the organization (Viacheslavovna, and Sergeevna, 2015). So, the higher authorities need to understand her situation so that they can understand her problem and help her in whichever way possible (e Silva, and Hurt, 2014). But in the legal policies of that school there was nothing written clearly that if any employee gets drunk and then come to work then what type of punishment that person will be getting. As the school have to look into other matters also that if the parents of the students gets to know that a person who is getting drunk and then coming to the organization for work and not only that she is also cooking the meal of their children then they might not take this in a positive way and this might create a negative impact on the school and also on the staffs working there (Carvalho, and Orford, 2012). So, the organizations have to act accordingly so that the name of their organization also does not gets degrade and the employee of the organization also do not break any rule which may hamper the name and fame of the organization. So, for Alex the higher authorities have to make her understand that she should not do such types of things which will affect the name of the school badly and also the school organization has to make some changes in their legal policies and regulation s in which there will be mentioned that what the organization expects from their employees and which things will not be acceptable by the organization (Bek, and Lista, 2013). Best Practice and Preventive Measures The Legal and health and safety care is one of the important factors which need to be maintained by every organization for their employees and in this the name and fame of the organization will also be involved (Pawde, and Parekh, 2013, October). So, the policies and the regulations which the organization will be implementing in their company also need to be followed by the employees so that the decorum of organization is maintained. The organization will have to take certain actions against Alex but as she is a hard working employee of the organization so before taking any legal action against her she need to be warned but then also she does not change herself then she will have to face the legal actions which the organization will be taking against her. The legal actions adopted by the organizations have their benefits as if the organizations do not bind themselves with the legal policies then the employee will work totally according to their wish and they will not think about the problems and then the organization will have to handle all the problems. So, the organization need to implement some legal rules which will keep the environment of the organization positive and the employees who does not involve themselves in any problem they will also get a positive energy working in the organization(Borisova, 2013). Like in the case study though Alex is a hard working employee but if the organization does not take any actions against her drinking and then coming to the organization for this will give other employees to take steps which will not be acceptable by the organization. As the organization does not have any proof of her drinking and coming to work and also the organization has also not implemented any law that no worker cant drink and then come for their work so they are unable to prove Alex guilty and take any further steps (Dimond, 2011). But if the school had implemented the law before then based on that they could have taken steps which will help to k eep the environment of the organization positive and motivate the workers and will also prevent other workers from taking any steps which will affect the environment of the organization Borisova, 2013). So, the organizations need to adopt the best practices which will keep themselves positive and along with that they also need to have fixed work for their work like as Alex is capable of handling a lot of responsibilities and for that mostly the work pressure is on her and this is making her mentally and physically tired so the organization also have to keep all these in their mind they divide the work pressure within their employees so that the work pressure does not stress one single employee (Antonov, and à Ã‚ §Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ², 2014). The best practice and the best preventive measure adopted by an organization will keep the environment of the organization healthy and will also motive their employees to give their best without breaking any ru le of the organization (Howard, 2013). So, to change this habit of Alex they need to talk with Alex and warn her so that she can change herself and also she need to be told that if she continues this habit of hers then the organization will have to take certain actions against hers as this habit of hers is making a bad impact on other employees working there (Gandapur, and Khan, 2013). Recommendations In this case study the main thing is the legal aspects which every organization need to maintain so that there is no illegal issues which may harm the name of the organization. So, it can be recommended to the organizations that they need to update all their policies and regulations from time to time with the modern time so that all their employees stay safe and healthy and the environment of the organization also remains positive which will give the employees an extra energy to work better and good mood and will help them to give their best to their organization. In case of the case study discussed in this assignment if any organization face these types of employees like Alex, who is one of the potential employee and for that they are unable to take any steps against her as they do not have any proof to take any action against her. Along with that the organization also does not have any law regarding drunken people coming to work. So, the organization has to be updated with all type s of rules which will they can use in their organization whenever it is required so that all the employees remain safe and healthy and the environment also remains good. Conclusion In a nutshell it can be said that legal factors is one of the important factors which every organization has to maintain both externally and internally be it in the domestic country or in the international country. Legal issues is one of those factors if they are not being followed then it will create a bad impression for the organization. The organization have to look into all the factors that their organization and also the employees working in their organization are not breaking any rule along with that they are also not breaking any rule of the organization. So, the higher authorities also have to make Alex understand that she is breaking the rules and this may affect other employees and they also start breaking the rule which will not be acceptable by the organization. So, after giving a warning to Alex the organization will have to take some actions if she does not change herself to keep the environment of the organization healthy. References Gandapur, S. B., Qureshi, M. A., Qureshi, M. I., and Khan, W. (2013). Legal Aspects of Teaching Stress.Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics,2, 12-19 Borisova, T. Y. (2013). HOW TO BALANCE INTERESTS: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ASPECTS ON THE LIMITATION OF COPYRIGHT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW.Foresight. Antonov, M., Polyakov, A., and à Ã‚ §Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ², à Ã‹Å". à Ã¢â‚¬ º. (2014). Communicative Approach and Legal Theory.Rechtstheorie,45(1), 1-18 Pawde, C., and Parekh, R. (2013, October). A Discussion of the HSE Aspects of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration. InSPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Bek, M., Bugra, A., Hjalmarsson, J., and Lista, A. (2013). Future availability of flood insurance in UK: A report on legal aspects of the solutions adopted in Australia, Iceland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Turkey, with conclusions Dimond, B. C. (2011).Legal aspects of occupational therapy. John Wiley and Sons. Howard, G. S. (2013). Legal aspects of fitness for work.Fitness for Work: The Medical Aspects, 21. e Silva, G. F. B. L., and Hurt, R. (2014). Use of analytical hierarchy process and control banding to improve safety management of carbon nanomaterials. Carvalho, S., Reeves, M., and Orford, J. 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